The cutting process of the machine tool is realized by the relative movement between the tool and the workpiece, and its movement can be divided into two types: surface forming movement and auxiliary movement.
The surface forming movement is the movement to obtain the required surface shape and size of the workpiece, and it includes the main movement, the feeding movement and the plunging movement. The main movement is the movement that plays a major role in stripping excess material from the workpiece blank. It can be the rotary movement of the workpiece (such as turning), linear movement (such as planing on a gantry planer), or the rotary movement of the tool (such as Milling and drilling) or linear motion (such as ploughing and broaching); feed motion is the movement of the tool and the workpiece to be machined relative to each other, so that the cutting can continue, such as the tool holder slide along the machine tool guide when turning the outer circle The plunging movement is the movement that makes the tool cut into the surface of the workpiece to a certain depth, and its function is to cut a certain thickness of material from the surface of the workpiece in each cutting stroke, such as the lateral plunging movement of the small tool holder when turning the outer circle.
Auxiliary movements mainly include the rapid approach and withdrawal of the tool or the workpiece, the adjustment of the position of the machine tool parts, the workpiece indexing, the indexing of the tool rest, the feeding of the clamping material, the movement of starting, shifting, reversing, stopping and automatic tool changing.
Various types of machine tools are usually composed of the following basic parts: supporting parts, which are used to install and support other parts and workpieces, and bear their weight and cutting forces, such as bed and column; speed change mechanism, which is used to change the speed of the main movement; feed Mechanism for changing the feed rate; headstock for installing the machine tool spindle; tool rest, tool magazine; control and manipulation system; lubrication system; cooling system.
Machine tool attachments include machine tool attachments such as machine tool loading and unloading devices, manipulators, and industrial robots, as well as machine tool attachments such as chucks, suction cup collets, vices, rotary tables and indexing heads.